M\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia \u0110\u1ee9c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia thu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, l\u00e0 Martin Heidegger, \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201ch\u1eefu quy t\u1eed\u201d (Sein zum Tode). Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh khi \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111ang trong cu\u1ed9c l\u1eef h\u00e0nh tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed9i c\u0103n nguy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft. X\u01b0a nay con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5y ai kh\u00f4ng run s\u1ee3 khi ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac n\u00e0y, may ra ch\u1ec9 tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea5ng anh h\u00f9ng h\u1ea3o h\u00e1n hi\u00ean ngang tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u201cNh\u00e2n sinh t\u1ef1 c\u1ed5 th\u00f9y v\u00f4 t\u1eed\/ L\u01b0u th\u1ee7 \u0111an t\u00e2m chi\u1ebfu h\u00e3n thanh\u201d (Nh\u00e2n sinh t\u1eeb x\u01b0a ai kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ebft\/ M\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng son chi\u1ebfu s\u1eed xanh. Th\u01a1 V\u0103n Thi\u00ean T\u01b0\u1eddng). Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3? C\u00e1t b\u1ee5i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 c\u00e1t b\u1ee5i? \u201cM\u1ed9t c\u00f5i \u0111i v\u1ec1\u201d c\u1ee7a B\u00f9i Gi\u00e1ng hay \u201cc\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta\u201d c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Du ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp nh\u00e2n sinh \u0111\u1ea7y khao kh\u00e1t s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t t\u1eed? Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft? Theo tri\u1ebft gia Wittgenstein, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m g\u00ec Heidegger, \u201cch\u1ebft\u201d kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n sinh, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u201cs\u1ed1ng,\u201d n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e0nh b\u00f3 tay xem \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 tri ng\u1ed9. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Rodney Smith, m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o tu t\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m t\u1ea1i Th\u00e1i Lan v\u00e0 Myanmar, \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i th\u00fa v\u1ecb d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t xa tr\u1eddi trong c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n. \u00d4ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, khi qu\u00e1 t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfp h\u00e3i c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft, xem \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t, c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t. Khi s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft, ch\u00fang ta t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m m\u1edbi m\u1ebb g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft. T\u1eeb l\u00e2u t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u00ednh trong \u1ea4n Gi\u00e1o, Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o, Nho Gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o Gi\u00e1o, lu\u00f4n gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n, an nhi\u00ean t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa Gi\u00e1o, xem cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t kh\u1ecfi b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a T\u1eed Th\u1ea7n. \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00ea-su Ki T\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n vinh v\u00ec Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng ch\u00faa t\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00f5i \u00e2m. Trong t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Ch\u00e2u \u00c1, c\u1ea3 \u201cch\u1ebft\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ed1ng\u201d ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 hai m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n. \u201cKh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u\u201d hay \u201ck\u1ebft th\u00fac\u201d ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 bu\u00f4ng x\u1ea3. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n ch\u1eef \u201cx\u1ea3\u201d trong b\u1ed1n ch\u1eef \u201ct\u1eeb, bi, h\u1ec9, x\u1ea3,\u201d c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o. \u201cX\u1ea3\u201d (trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n l\u00e0 upeksha<\/em>) ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch r\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u201cequanimity\u201d (b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n, an nhi\u00ean), di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1edfi m\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u201cth\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i,\u201d kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc trong s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, tham lam, hay phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o khi \u201cth\u1ef1c t\u1ebf\u201d \u0111\u1ed5i thay. C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u201cg\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t\u201d c\u1ee7a \u201cth\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i\u201d nh\u00e2n sinh m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n ly v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n. Ch\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu. R\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 Rodney Smith mu\u1ed1n g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng (m\u1ed9t Ph\u1eadt T\u1eed hay m\u1ed9t t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa Gi\u00e1o, hay m\u1ed9t t\u00edn h\u1eefu t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5ng Allah) th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o (nh\u01b0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc) th\u00ec xem ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 h\u1ebft, l\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 hai nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 xem vi\u1ec7c suy ng\u1eabm v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda m\u1edf v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n h\u01a1n. S\u1ed1ng, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 lo \u00e2u, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, nu\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc. Lo \u00e2u v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai b\u1ea5p b\u00eanh n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i thu gom, t\u00edch tr\u1eef c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u. Tham lam t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 s\u0103n t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng th\u00fa vui v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t v\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 h\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec. V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u00ec v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng tham d\u1ee5c v\u00f4 b\u1edd c\u00f3 l\u00fac n\u00e0o m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n \u0111\u00e2u? L\u00fac n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean gi\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7nh ch\u1edd T\u1eed Th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn r\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i v\u1ec1 c\u00f5i mi\u1ec1n xa l\u1ea1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i nu\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc v\u00ec v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 bu\u1ed3n \u0111au l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. Gi\u00e1 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i? Gi\u00e1 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1eebng qu\u00e1 say m\u00ea ki\u1ebfm ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng c\u1ea3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh? Gi\u00e1 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng s\u1edbm h\u01a1n? Theo Rodney Smith, ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. \u0110a s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd nghi\u1ec1n ng\u1eabm v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi qu\u00e1 mu\u1ed9n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1eadp s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho nh\u1eefng ai b\u00f4n ba trong \u0111\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 suy ng\u1eabm v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c t\u1ed3n sinh. Nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi t\u00ean s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n Angulimala \u0111ang \u0111u\u1ed5i theo Ng\u00e0i khi t\u00ean n\u00e0y k\u00eau l\u00ean: \u201cH\u1ee1i sa m\u00f4n kia, h\u00e3y d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i!\u201d: \u201cTa \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i r\u1ed3i. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u01a1i l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i!\u201d \u0110\u00f4i khi ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i trong d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t cho m\u00ecnh c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: \u201cCh\u00fang ta \u0111ang \u0111i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e2u? D\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01b0a?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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