{"id":876,"date":"2022-06-12T17:26:19","date_gmt":"2022-06-12T10:26:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/?p=876"},"modified":"2023-10-05T09:34:45","modified_gmt":"2023-10-05T02:34:45","slug":"hoc-triet-nhu-the-nao-ts-duong-ngoc-dung","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/hoc-triet-nhu-the-nao-ts-duong-ngoc-dung\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u1eccC TRI\u1ebeT NH\u01af TH\u1ebe N\u00c0O? – Chia s\u1ebb c\u1ee7a TS. D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ng\u1ecdc D\u0169ng"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

TS. D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ng\u1ecdc D\u0169ng<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, Khoa KHXH, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa Sen<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean h\u00e2m m\u1ed9 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecfi t\u00f4i nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1-H\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft n\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2-H\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3-H\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4-N\u00ean t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng tri\u1ebft gia n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u0129 nhi\u00ean ngay c\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 xoa b\u00f3p hay n\u1ea5u \u0103n c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu. V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c hay ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn ra nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n \u0103n h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu cho r\u1eb1ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, th\u00ec c\u0169ng sai l\u1ea7m. C\u00e0ng l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn h\u01a1n khi \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e0n d\u1edf, l\u1eadp d\u1ecb, l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng th\u00edch n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u ng\u00f4ng cu\u1ed3ng, qu\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea3n, kh\u00f4ng ai hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed, hay Jesus \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00f3i n\u0103ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1eeb ba v\u0129 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n sinh ra ba truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i. N\u0101g\u0101rjuna (Long Th\u1ecd\u00a0\u9f8d\u6a39) v\u00e0\u00a0Asanga (V\u00f4\u00a0Tr\u01b0\u1edbc\u00a0\u7121\u8457), hai b\u1eadc t\u00f4ng s\u01b0\u00a0c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Trung Qu\u00e1n v\u00e0\u00a0Duy Th\u1ee9c trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o , c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9\u00a0x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7\u00a0th\u1ed1ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u0129\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u n\u00f3i gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. D\u0129\u00a0nhi\u00ean v\u0103n phong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tri\u1ebft gia T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi th\u1eadt t\u1ed1i t\u0103m, nh\u01b0ng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh v\u1eabn l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n sinh ra tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Kant, Hegel, Habermas, Gadamer, Husserl. Ch\u00ednh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 v\u0103n t\u1ef1 Trung Hoa \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 khu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ecbnh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Trung Qu\u1ed1c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e3 chi ph\u1ed1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. C\u00f2n ch\u00fang ta s\u1ed1ng trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng n\u00f3i n\u0103ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Hegel th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m d\u00e1ng hay \u0111\u00f3ng k\u1ecbch tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n sinh ra nh\u1eefng tri\u1ebft gia l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 William James, John Dewey, Charles Peirce, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay Hilary Putnam, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t v\u0103n phong kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi v\u0103n phong c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia \u0110\u1ee9c, gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb h\u01a1n, g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u1ea9n n\u1ea5p sau nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y m\u00f9 si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Nh\u1eefng
\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 Jesus<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, h\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu g\u00ec? T\u00f4i xin \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1ea3ng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t sau \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n tr\u1ebb t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d cho c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi sau \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec c\u1ee9 n\u00ean vui v\u1ebb \u201cthu d\u1ecdn \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh\u201d m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc m\u00f4n kh\u00e1c cho \u0111\u1ee1 t\u1ed1n th\u00ec gi\u1edd, ph\u00ed n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1-Nh\u1eadt x\u00e9t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia l\u00e0 h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t th\u00edch \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch, kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch tri\u1ebft, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u00e1ch chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n v\u1ec1 to\u00e1n hay v\u1eadt l\u00fd. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 chung c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft gia l\u00e0 ham t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng kho\u00e1i chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n m\u1ed5 x\u1ebb trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m) n\u00ean chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ecdi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ea5t t\u1ea7n t\u1eadt m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi, t\u1eeb Kinh Th\u00e1nh cho \u0111\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Einstein. N\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 h\u1ecd t\u00f2 m\u00f2 v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9. Ken Wilber l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh. Karl Popper th\u00ec nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1eeb v\u1eadt l\u00fd, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, cho \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1eed h\u1ecdc. N\u1ebfu ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch (s\u00e1ch n\u00f3i chung: ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft, v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u01a1 ca, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v.v\u2026) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd s\u00e1ch v\u1eabn l\u00e0 li\u1ec1u thu\u1ed1c ng\u1ee7 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n th\u00ec n\u00ean vui v\u1ebb gi\u00e3 t\u1eeb tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00ec b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ecdc xong n\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t trang s\u00e1ch tri\u1ebft th\u1ee9 thi\u1ec7t. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia \u201cd\u1ecfm\u201d: h\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch hay ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3 v\u1edd mua s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7y trong t\u1ee7. Ham m\u00ea \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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2 – \u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft gia l\u00e0 th\u00edch tranh lu\u1eadn, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 hay gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i. Do l\u00fac n\u00e0o n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 suy t\u01b0 n\u00ean s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u00f3c ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft gia \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n, s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, v\u00e0 linh ho\u1ea1t h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1ch v\u1edf. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t: tri\u1ebft gia th\u00edch ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, tranh lu\u1eadn, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edf mi\u1ec7ng ra l\u00e0 d\u1eabn Derrida, Foucault, Sartre, Merleau-Ponty, Husserl, to\u00e0n nh\u1eefng t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe khi\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea3m, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft m\u1ea5y tri\u1ebft gia n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng kia n\u00f3i g\u00ec hay c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u01a1 m\u00e0ng. Tri\u1ebft gia kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u201ctri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a,\u201d nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng th\u00edch bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn, gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn s\u1eb5n c\u00f3, m\u00e0 lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u00e0i nghi, ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u201cch\u1eafc nh\u01b0 \u0111inh \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1ed9t\u201d c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn g\u00ec c\u1ea3: l\u00fac nh\u1ecf th\u00ec h\u1ecfi cha m\u1eb9, l\u00fac \u0111i h\u1ecdc th\u00ec h\u1ecfi b\u1ea1n b\u00e8, l\u00fac l\u1ea5y ch\u1ed3ng (hay v\u1ee3) ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft h\u1ecfi ch\u1ed3ng (hay v\u1ee3), ch\u1ed3ng (hay v\u1ee3) ch\u1ebft th\u00ec h\u1ecfi con, \u0111i l\u00e0m th\u00ec h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ngoan ngo\u00e3n s\u1ee3 s\u1ebfp nh\u01b0 cha, n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 th\u00ec h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u201ck\u00ednh tr\u00ean nh\u01b0\u1eddng d\u01b0\u1edbi\u201d, ai n\u00f3i g\u00ec c\u0169ng cho l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean h\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft v\u00ec h\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 khi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e2m r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 g\u00ec \u0111i n\u1eefa th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng gi\u00fap \u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u1ed1n qu\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. V\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, tri\u1ebft gia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng can \u0111\u1ea3m, theo ngh\u0129a \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ec7n tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang sai tr\u00e1i hay nguy hi\u1ec3m. Socrates l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

3 -Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch suy t\u01b0, thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m, nh\u00e0n t\u1ea3n, th\u00edch ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch hay th\u00edch \u0111\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n, n\u00ean n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 m\u1eabu ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00e1 sung s\u1ee9c, th\u00edch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi, th\u00edch th\u1ec3 thao, th\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu h\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p cho bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng Platon l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1n kinh ho\u00e0n m\u1ef9. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7: ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Platon th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cv\u0103n v\u00f5 song to\u00e0n\u201d v\u00ec n\u1ebfu c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng qu\u00e1 ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cv\u0103n d\u1ed1t v\u0169 d\u00e1t,\u201d m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u201ctri\u1ebft gia ba r\u1ecdi\u201d kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng con gi\u00e1p n\u00e0o. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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4-Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan s\u00e2u xa \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00ean n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quan t\u00e2m th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 nghi\u00eam t\u00fac \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean h\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft l\u00e0m g\u00ec. Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y cho sinh vi\u00ean ban tri\u1ebft (c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Tr\u1ea7n Th\u00e1i \u0110\u1ec9nh, L\u00ea T\u00f4n Nghi\u00eam, L\u00ea Th\u00e0nh Tr\u1ecb, Kim \u0110\u1ecbnh, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Trung c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 tri\u1ebft \u1edf V\u0103n Khoa tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 75) c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u n\u1ed5i n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p v\u0103n (hay H\u00e1n v\u0103n trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Kim \u0110\u1ecbnh) v\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. H\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee1 kh\u1ed5 h\u01a1n v\u00ec c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1o, L\u00fd, Kh\u00ed, T\u00e2m, Nh\u00e2n, Ngh\u0129a, Ch\u00ednh, Danh, v.v.. \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Vi\u1ec7t  h\u00f3a t\u1eeb l\u00e2u n\u00ean giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef H\u00e1n. Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 s\u1edf d\u0129 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u1ed5i trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u00ednh do tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n v\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy qu\u00e1 xa l\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia \u1ea4n, t\u1eadp trung b\u00e0n chuy\u1ec7n Th\u1ef1c Th\u1ec3 Tuy\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed1i (Brahman) ch\u1ee9 \u00edt khi ng\u00f3 ng\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, trong khi \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Trung Hoa v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0110\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ebf. V\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng minh tr\u00ean m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn h\u1ecdc ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef li\u00ean quan, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tri\u1ebft gia. M\u1ea1nh T\u1eed v\u00e0 Tu\u00e2n T\u1eed trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Nho gi\u00e1o c\u00f2n kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n. C\u00e1c thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Trung Hoa \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt. S\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf ch\u1ed7 khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00ec tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng (system<\/em>) v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng (tradition<\/em>), ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch tri\u1ebft n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m H\u1eefu th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/em> (Sein und Zeit<\/em>) c\u1ee7a Heidegger (nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n C\u00f4ng Ti\u1ebfn), \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng \u00ea ch\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea3y ng\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf ra, mang theo m\u1ed9t l\u00f2ng th\u00f9 gh\u00e9t tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00f4 t\u1eadn. C\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean h\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n. Ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c phi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m trong ti\u1ebfng Anh, Ph\u00e1p, hay \u0110\u1ee9c, n\u00ean c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam s\u1ef1 r\u1ed1i r\u1eafm. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1eef \u201cbeing\u201d trong ti\u1ebfng Anh (\u00eatre<\/em> trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p hay sein<\/em> trong ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1eefu th\u1ec3\u201d hay \u201ct\u00ednh th\u1ec3.\u201d \u0110\u1ed1 ai bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201ch\u1eefu th\u1ec3\u201d l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu bi\u1ebft ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef th\u00ec kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m \u0111i m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd l\u1edd m\u1edd \u0111o\u00e1n ra r\u1eb1ng \u201cbeing\u201d hay \u201c\u00eatre\u201d c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u trong \u0111\u00f3 hai thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb: I am a student<\/em> (T\u00f4i \u201cl\u00e0\u201d m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh) hay Je suis un homme<\/em> (T\u00f4i \u201cl\u00e0\u201d m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng). Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u201cbeing\u201d hay \u201c\u00eatre\u201d d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u201cl\u00e0,\u201d tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u201chi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu,\u201d tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u201ct\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.\u201d T\u00f4i \u201cl\u00e0\u201d m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u201ct\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i\u201d nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh. Tri\u1ebft gia l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 \u201cs\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i\u201d (beingness= Existenz<\/em>) n\u00e0y trong m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef. C\u1ea7n ghi ch\u00fa th\u00eam l\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia c\u00f3 t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 do tri\u1ebft gia \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng minh xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ecfi ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u1edf m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng n\u1ea5c r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c Heidegger ph\u1ea3i cho r\u1eb1ng: \u201cNhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 sau c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef s\u01a1 nguy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u00f3 T\u00ednh Th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 gi\u1eef cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng san ph\u1eb3ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u n\u1ed5i, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft n\u00e0y sau c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 su\u1ed1i ngu\u1ed3n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o.\u201d (am Ende das Gesch\u00e4ft der Philosiphie, die Kraft der elementasten Worte, in denen sich das Dasein ausspricht, davor zu bewahren, dass sie durch den gemeinen Vestand zur Unverstaendlichkeit nivelliert werden, die ihreseits als Quelle f\u00fcr Scheinproblem fungiert<\/em>).  Wittgenstein th\u00ec vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u201cGi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i\u201d (The limits of my world is the limits of my language<\/em>). Khi suy t\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u di chuy\u1ec3n trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m do ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, n\u00ean s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia \u0111\u1ec1u xoay quanh vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m r\u00f5 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c th\u00ec, c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb, t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p trong c\u00e2u\u2026) n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay. <\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00fang th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc H\u00e1n ng\u1eef n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng) v\u00ec h\u1ecdc ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1ed1i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00e1c. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 do thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef li\u00ean h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tranh c\u00e3i hay ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa Gi\u00e1o (n\u00f3i chung c\u1ea3 C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o l\u1eabn Tin L\u00e0nh) \u0111\u00e3 tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong T\u00e2n \u01af\u1edbc: n\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa (regnum dei<\/em>). M\u1ed9t qua \u0111i\u1ec3m, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean Tin M\u1eebng theo th\u00e1nh M\u00e1c c\u00f4 (1.14), cho r\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 hai cho r\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp trong m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb Hi L\u1ea1p th\u00e1nh M\u00e1c c\u00f4 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00eaggiken l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa (Hi H\u1ea1p: basileia tou theou<\/em>) \u0111ang \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi tin m\u1eebng (Ph\u00fac \u00c2m) \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec7n n\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, m\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1eb1m \u1edf th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o: tin t\u01b0\u1edfng hay ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1m, v.v.. \u0110\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb \u00eaggiken<\/em> kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn (has<\/em> arrived<\/em>) hay \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1t g\u1ea7n k\u1ec1 (to be at hand<\/em>) nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u1eabn d\u1ecbch. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u0169ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i trong n\u01b0\u1edbc (d\u00ecm trong n\u01b0\u1edbc). Nh\u01b0ng trong Kinh Th\u00e1nh danh t\u1eeb Hi L\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 \u01a1dsti<\/em> hay \u00ean \u01a1dsti<\/em> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d (by means of water, with<\/em> water<\/em>), ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cd\u00ecm trong n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d (in water<\/em>). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Xin d\u1eabn th\u00eam m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c. METANOIA trong ti\u1ebfng Hi L\u1ea1p \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n\u201d (a transformative change of heart<\/em>) hay c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u00e2m linh\/ tinh th\u1ea7n\u201d (spiritual conversion<\/em>). Trong ti\u1ebfng Hi L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 METANOIA ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cthay \u0111\u1ed5i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m\/ \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.\u201d  Trong Kinh Th\u00e1nh b\u1ea3n King James, \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb metanoeo<\/em>\/\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03ad\u03c9 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Anh (m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch sai l\u1ea7m) l\u00e0 \u201c\u0103n n\u0103n\/ h\u1ed1i c\u1ea3i\/ s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i= REPENT.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch T\u00e2n \u01af\u1edbc sang ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb REPENTANCE (=s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i\/ \u0103n n\u0103n) cho c\u1ea3 hai t\u1eeb METANOIA v\u00e0 METAMELOMAI. Trong Tin M\u1eebng c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh M\u00e1c-c\u00f4 Gi\u00ea Su loan b\u00e1o V\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e3y s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i (repentance<\/em>). METAMELOMAI c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t \u00fd ph\u1ee5 (connotation<\/em>) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u201cbu\u1ed3n \u0111au v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfc nu\u1ed1i\u201d (pain, sorrow, and regret). <\/em>Trong c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa Gi\u00e1o s\u01a1 k\u1ef3 METANOIA \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 trong t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng,\u201d r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m CHUY\u1ec2N Y trong PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O DUY TH\u1ee8C. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2006 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 trong phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i k\u1ebft c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i trong Kinh Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Gi\u00ea Su Ki T\u00f4 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Do Th\u00e1i v\u1eabn cho r\u1eb1ng METANOIA (=m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 S\u00c1M H\u1ed0I\/ TH\u1ed0NG H\u1ed0I) th\u1eadt ra ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u201cthay \u0111\u1ed5i tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/strong>   Theo h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 David N. Wilkin (trang web Millennium Web Catalog<\/em> c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n Virginia): \u201cC\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o Ph\u1ee5 La tinh \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch METANOIA th\u00e0nh PAENITENCIA (=ch\u1eef n\u00e0y m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 S\u00c1M H\u1ed0I). B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0 Tertullian\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Hi L\u1ea1p METANOEO sang ti\u1ebfng La Tinh PAENITENTIAM AGO. Th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n cho r\u1eb1ng “trong ti\u1ebfng Hi L\u1ea1p, METANOIA is KH\u00d4NG PH\u1ea2I L\u00c0 S\u1ef0 TH\u00da NH\u1eacN T\u1ed8I<\/strong> L\u1ed6I M\u00c0 L\u00c0 S\u1ef0 THAY \u0110\u1ed4I T\u00c2M H\u1ed2N.” Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ti\u1ebfng Anh “Conversion” (t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c La Tinh conversi\u014dn-em<\/em>=xoay chuy\u1ec3n l\u1ea1i) m\u1edbi di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u0111\u00fang \u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef METANOIA h\u01a1n l\u00e0 REPENTANCE (PAENITENCIA). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau kh\u00e1 th\u00fa v\u1ecb: METANOIA ti\u1ec7m c\u1eadn v\u1edbi \u0101\u015braya-pariv\u1e5btti<\/em> (=CHUY\u1ec2N Y) trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Duy Th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o. Theo Duy Th\u1ee9c H\u1ecdc, A L\u1ea1i Da Th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m, th\u1ee9c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho b\u1ea3y th\u1ee9c c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. T\u1ea1m th\u1eddi h\u00e3y h\u00ecnh dung T\u00c0NG TH\u1ee8C n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 ch\u1ee9a r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i sinh trong c\u00f5i lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch l\u0169y, hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau \u0111\u1eddi ki\u1ebfp, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i g\u1ed3m 2 lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh: T\u1ecaNH v\u00e0 B\u1ea4T T\u1ecaNH. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng T\u1ecaNH (T\u1ed0T \u0110\u1eb8P) khi \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ebd n\u1ea3y sinh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng QU\u1ea2 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng X\u1ea4U (B\u1ea4T T\u1ecaNH) \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n cho c\u00e1c \u00e1c qu\u1ea3 ngay trong ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y hay trong m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp lai sinh. CHUY\u1ec2N Y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 d\u00f2 t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn T\u00c0NG TH\u1ee8C n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c: LO\u1ea0I B\u1ece NH\u1eeeNG H\u1ea0T GI\u1ed0NG X\u1ea4U RA KH\u1eceI T\u00c2M TH\u1ee8C<\/strong>, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ch\u1ed1ng virus c\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u1eady, ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y. C\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea7y hoa m\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 \u201cquay ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e1ng v\u00e0o trong t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 soi s\u00e1ng ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh\u201d (turn the light around and shine it on yourselves<\/em>). SAU KHI \u0110\u00c3 SOI S\u00c1NG H\u1ebeT NH\u1eeeNG G\u00d3C T\u1ed0I TRONG T\u00c2M TH\u1ee8C DO V\u00d4 MINH T\u1ea0O N\u00caN, H\u00c0NH GI\u1ea2 HI\u1ec2U R\u1eb0NG M\u1eccI HI\u1ec6N T\u01af\u1ee2NG G\u00c2Y RA PHI\u1ec0N N\u00c3O TRONG CU\u1ed8C S\u1ed0NG CH\u1ec8 L\u00c0 DO CHUY\u1ec2N BI\u1ebeN C\u1ee6A T\u00c0NG TH\u1ee8C KHI PH\u1ea2N \u1ee8NG V\u1edaI NGO\u1ea0I C\u1ea2NH M\u00c0 TH\u00d4I.<\/strong> C\u00f4ng phu ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 THI\u1ec0N QU\u00c1N v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt Ph\u1eadt trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. Th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh T\u00c2M (TH\u1ee8C) s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc, t\u1ea9y r\u1eeda, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong t\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb mu\u00f4n v\u1ea1n ki\u1ebfp. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ecdn tu theo ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ed9, th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c ni\u1ec7m h\u1ed3ng danh ph\u1eadt A Di \u0110\u00e0 v\u00e0 qu\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng h\u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y SAU KHI \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e3ng sinh v\u00e0o T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm v\u1eefng ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ed5. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n c\u00e1c v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 d\u1ea1y tri\u1ebft Trung Qu\u1ed1c hay nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ngay v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed v\u00e0 Nho Gi\u00e1o. \u0110\u00f4i khi h\u1ecd kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi th\u1eddi H\u1ea1 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng, Chu v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ti\u1ec1n Nho Gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 Kinh Thi<\/em>, Kinh Th\u01b0<\/em>, T\u1ea3 Truy\u1ec7n<\/em>, cho \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 s\u1eed li\u1ec7u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef nh\u00e2n <\/em>\u4ec1 d\u00f9ng trong Kinh Thi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u201cnh\u00e2n \u00e1i\u201d nh\u01b0 trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 sau m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ra d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p ngo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nam nhi v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n \u00e1i m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat n\u00e0o c\u1ea3 [Xem Takeeuchi Teruo, \u201cA Study of the Meaning of Jen<\/em> Advocated by Confucius,\u201d Acta Asiatica<\/em> 9 (1965), 57- 77).  \u0110\u1ecdc T\u1ea3 Truy\u1ec7n<\/em> ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 s\u0103n b\u1eafnli\u1ec7p <\/em>\u7375 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf trong nh\u00e3n quan th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c, s\u0103n b\u1eafn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i.  N\u00f3i chung, \u00fd th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u1eeda ng\u00f5 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc.<\/strong> Thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ee9c sao ch\u00e9p, l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o s\u1eb5n trong s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.  Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u00f4i d\u00e1m qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecdc m\u01b0\u1eddi cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Nho gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng b\u1ed5 \u00edch b\u1eb1ng b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd h\u1ecdc H\u00e1n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef \u201cch\u00ednh\u201d \u653f  l\u00e0 trong \u201cch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb\u201d li\u00ean quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cch\u00ednh\u201d \u6b63= ngay th\u1eb3ng<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u qu\u00e1 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u0103n minh \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean ch\u00fat n\u00e0o trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau khi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ea1m \u1ed5n ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch l\u1ecdai \u201cnh\u1eadp m\u00f4n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc\u201d (introduction to philosophy<\/em>) lo\u1ea1i d\u1ec5 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc. Theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, s\u00e1ch lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 M\u1ef9 vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t: tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y g\u1ecdn g\u00e0ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a, d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Trung Hoa hay \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng n\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng \u201cnh\u1eadp m\u00f4n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi leo l\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai cao h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1eebng bao gi\u1edd hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m r\u1eb1ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c thi\u00ean t\u00e0i l\u1eadp d\u1ecb hay d\u1edf h\u01a1i, \u0111i\u00ean \u0111i\u00ean kh\u00f9ng kh\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Who's<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc nghi\u00eam t\u00fac nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean qu\u00e1 n\u00f3ng v\u1ed9i hay ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n theo k\u1ecbp c\u00e1c th\u1eddi trang tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1ed3i nh\u00e9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Heidegger, Sartre, Husserl, Foucault, Habermas, Gadamer v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 \u00edch. H\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft m\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 Hegel, Heidegger, Husserl th\u00ec s\u1ebd t\u1ea9u h\u1ecfa nh\u1eadp ma lu\u00f4n, ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea7m cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch tri\u1ebft l\u00ean l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai. C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ngay v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 68 nh\u01b0 Foucault, Derrida, Bourdieu (m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay), Lacan, Barthes, Althusser, L\u00e9vi-Strauss, v\u00ec h\u1ecd ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn, ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n, t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc tri\u1ebft gia \u0111\u00e0n anh \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Derrida, h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t c\u1ea3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 th\u1eddi gian theo ki\u1ec3u m\u1ea5y cu\u1ed1n gi\u00e1o khoa v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m v\u00ec n\u1ebfu l\u00e0m th\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia Hi L\u1ea1p th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n Socrates v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ng\u00e1n ng\u1ea9m khi nh\u1eadn ra h\u1ecd c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft gia. N\u1ebfu gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hi L\u1ea1p th\u00ec c\u0169ng s\u1ebd v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u00fang t\u00fang khi ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho sinh vi\u00ean bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Hi L\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng Hi L\u1ea1p, m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u1eadt qu\u00e1 xa v\u1eddi v\u00e0 xa x\u1ec9 trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n  nay. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00ean ch\u1ecdc h\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc quan t\u00e2m nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc th\u00edch th\u00fa v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc Marx tr\u01b0\u1edbc, sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch Marx nh\u01b0 Luk\u00e1cs, Lichtheim, Manheim, Althusser, Adorno, Horkheimer, Habermas, v.v..v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean qu\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 Max Weber, \u00c9mile Durkheim, Vilfredo Pareto. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m nh\u1eadp m\u00f4n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 n\u00ean nghi\u1ec1n ng\u1eabm quy\u1ec3n Thu\u1ed1c phi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/em> (L\u2019Opium des Intellectuels<\/em>) m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Raymond Aron, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc ki\u00eam tri\u1ebft gia, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ecdc Marx hay Hegel. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m vi t\u00e2m l\u00ed, gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc Sigmund Freud, Carl G. Jung, Erich Fromm v\u00e0 Adler (c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean d\u00f9ng t\u1ea1m trong l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00f4i. C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft ch\u00ednh v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef). Tuy kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0ng Sigmund Freud v\u1eabn t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 V\u00f4 Th\u1ee9c. Herbert Marcuse, m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia \u0110\u1ee9c di c\u01b0 sang M\u1ef9 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m r\u1ea5t hay v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Freud, D\u1ee5c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh<\/em> (Eros and Civilization<\/em>, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ho\u00e0ng Thi\u00ean Nguy\u1ec5n (t\u1ee9c Nh\u01b0 H\u1ea1nh) d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1975). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 si\u00eau h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi Marx, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u n\u00f3i l\u1eebng danh \u201ct\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c phi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang\u201d (Die Religion ist das Opium des Volkes<\/em>) c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi Freud, ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea5u tr\u0129, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 b\u1ec7nh t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n, m\u00e0 n\u00ean kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi Teilhard de Chardin (n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o), v\u1edbi Paul Tillich (n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tin L\u00e0nh) v\u00e0 v\u1edbi Nishida Kitar\u014d (n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o). Nishida Kitar\u014d (\u897f\u7530 \u5e7e\u591a\u90ce) l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft gia v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n vi\u1ebft trong s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m Thi\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Kyoto l\u1eebng danh v\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i thi\u1ec7n<\/em> (\u5584\u306e\u7814\u7a76, Zen no kenky\u016b<\/em>). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00f3i chung \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi: Marx, Nietzsche, v\u00e0 Freud. Marx kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng b\u00e0n ngay v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng th\u00ec c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ea7m ch\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n n\u1eeda tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y trong tay, v\u00ec h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c (t\u1eeb Horkheimer, Adorno, Marcuse, cho \u0111\u1ebfn Habermas) ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Marx, ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u00f4ng, ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n hay m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quan ni\u1ec7m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Marx. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 Nietzsche. Tri\u1ebft gia n\u00e0y vi\u1ebft tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u00ec tri\u1ebft gia n\u00e0o: kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u00f4i th\u00f4i d\u00e0i d\u00f2ng g\u00ec c\u1ea3 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n ng\u1eafn, r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, r\u1ea5t linh \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u201ct\u00ecnh y\u00eau l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n \u0111i\u00ean ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i v\u00e0 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ngu xu\u1ea9n d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n\u201d. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Neitzsche \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Tr\u1ea7n Xu\u00e2n Ki\u00eam d\u1ecbch sang Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef, Zarathustra \u0110\u00e3 N\u00f3i Nh\u01b0 Th\u1ebf <\/em>(Also sprach Zarathustra<\/em>) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1eabn d\u1ee5 r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng suy t\u01b0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1ng sinh qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh s\u1ebd t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t m\u1ecdi \u201ct\u1ebf b\u00e0o tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc\u201d trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n. Nietzsche l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi c\u00e2u \u201cTh\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft\u201d (Gott ist tot<\/em>). Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 \u201cTh\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf\u201d theo c\u1ea3 ngh\u0129a \u0111en l\u1eabn ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft hay kh\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb gh\u00e9t Nietzsche c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u201cNietzsche \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft\u201d m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 ph\u1ea1m sai l\u1ea7m. \u0110\u1ecdc Nietzsche, do \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u00fa v\u1ecb nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Freud l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e1c s\u0129 y khoa. T\u00ean tu\u1ed5i \u00f4ng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc (psychoanalysis<\/em>). \u00d4ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu vi\u1ebft v\u0103n. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111i \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Freud, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 V\u0103n minh v\u00e0 Nh\u1eefng B\u1ea5t M\u00e3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 <\/em>(Civilization and Its Discontents<\/em>), ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng s\u1edf \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n minh. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Freud c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh l\u1ecdc b\u1edbt r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea7y r\u1eaby trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n t\u1ec9nh, suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7y h\u1ee9ng kh\u1edfi m\u00e0 Nho gi\u00e1o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ea3i qu\u00e1 t\u1ef1 t\u00e2n\u201d (s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m, l\u00e0m m\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n). Nh\u01b0ng tin r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khoa h\u1ecdc d\u1eabn b\u1ea1n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u0129nh c\u1eedu trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m l\u1edbn. Vi\u1ec7c b\u00e0i b\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trong quan ni\u1ec7m Freud l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5. Ch\u00ednh Jung v\u00e0 Otto Frank, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Erich Fromm, Karen Horney, Sullivan sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1ea1ch ra nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Freud. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00ean xem Freud l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khoa h\u1ecdc gia. Khoa h\u1ecdc gia c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong t\u1eebng chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Tri\u1ebft gia cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn l\u1edbn, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng th\u1eadt m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 soi s\u00e1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n sinh trong to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"https:\/\/bizweb.dktcdn.net\/100\/440\/144\/files\/marx-nietzsche-va-freud-jpeg.jpg?v=1649133756553\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc ba tri\u1ebft gia h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Anh h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean c\u1ea3 ba \u0111\u1ec1u vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c \u0110\u1ee9c ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ec5 tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1ch v\u1edf hi\u1ec7n nay, tr\u1eeb khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc \u201cch\u01a1i sang\u201d \u0111\u1eb7t mua th\u1eb3ng t\u1eeb b\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 r\u1ea5t m\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed5i. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch tri\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf t\u00fai (d\u00e0y 300 trang) th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t B\u1ea3n Suhrkamp \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ba ch\u1ee5c m\u00e1c (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 30 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9). Tr\u1ecdn b\u1ed9 ba t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Nietzsche (kho\u1ea3ng 7 cu\u1ed1n) h\u00e0ng n\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 500 m\u00e1c, ch\u1ec9 chuy\u00ean gia nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Nietzsche may ra m\u1edbi ch\u1ecbu b\u1ecf ti\u1ec1n ra mua. Trong khi s\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Anh hay ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p th\u00ec tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb m\u1ea1t (\u00fd t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch c\u0169) v\u00e0 c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i d\u1ec5 ki\u1ebfm t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n ng\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 n\u00f3 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft gia ki\u00eam gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard Michael Sandel: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng (public philosophy<\/em>). M\u00f4n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat n\u00e0o m\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap n\u00e2ng cao \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng (\u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng hay to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u) v\u00e0 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c (tr\u1ebb v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean ph\u00e1 thai, quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c trong gi\u1edbi sinh vi\u00ean, r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, n\u1ea1n tham nh\u0169ng, m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m, mua b\u00e1n n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u1ebb thu\u00ea\u2026v\u2026v\u2026). M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc hay b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng r\u1ea5t cao. Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng r\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf theo ngh\u0129a n\u00f3 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u v\u00e0o t\u1eadn n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tho\u1ea1t nh\u00ecn h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0ng quan tr\u1ecdng trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 T\u00ecnh y\u00eau l\u00e0 g\u00ec? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 T\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 T\u1ea1i sao c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u00e2ng cao k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng giao ti\u1ebfp?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Ti\u1ec1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng \u201c\u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0 b\u1ec3 kh\u1ed5?\u201d Thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1eadt hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 T\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 T\u1ea1i sao kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a m\u00e3i d\u00e2m?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 H\u00f4n nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00e1i n\u00e0o t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 C\u00f3 c\u1ea7n b\u00e3i b\u1ecf \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh? T\u1ea1i sao c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1eed h\u00ecnh? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 C\u00f3 n\u00ean cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ebb thu\u00ea? D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n vi\u1ec7c sinh s\u1ea3n v\u00f4 t\u00ednh (cloning<\/em>)?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 N\u00ean x\u1eed l\u00fd tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u201cs\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt\u201d nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 C\u00f3 c\u00e1ch g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt hay k\u1ebft th\u00fac t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng giao th\u00f4ng b\u00e1t nh\u00e1o hi\u1ec7n nay? Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u sau \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc tham kh\u1ea3o n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang theo tinh th\u1ea7n \u201cc\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng\u201d ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u201c\u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng nhau ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1-\u201cWhat is the Public Philosophy?\u201d c\u1ee7a James W. Caeser (trong cu\u1ed1n Public Philosophy and Political Science<\/em> do E. Robert Statham ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean, 2002, NXB. Lexington Books). Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1: x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u201ctri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2-\u201cTi\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec? (What money can\u2019t buy<\/em>) c\u1ee7a Michael Sandel (\u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t). Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1: Ti\u1ec1n, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3-Justice: What\u2019s the Right Thing to Do?<\/em> c\u1ee7a M. Sandel (c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t). Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1: th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

4-Freakeconomics<\/em> (b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t: Kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc h\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edbc<\/em>) c\u1ee7a Stephen Levitt. Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1: vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 h\u00e0nh vi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

5-L\u00e0n s\u00f3ng th\u1ee9 ba<\/em> (The Third Wave<\/em>) v\u00e0 Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c<\/em> (Power Shift<\/em>) c\u1ee7a Alvin Toffler. Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1: quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa tri th\u1ee9c, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6-Public Philosophy: Essays on Morality in Politics<\/em> c\u1ee7a M. Sandel. Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1: quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7-Public Philosophy in a New Key<\/em> c\u1ee7a James Tully (cu\u1ed1n 1, NXB. Cambridge University Press, 2008). Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1: ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n s\u1ef1. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

8-D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/em> c\u1ee7a John Dewey (b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Anh Tu\u1ea5n. NXB. Tri Th\u1ee9c, 2008). Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1: quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau khi \u0111\u1ecdc qua c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y (Freud, Marx, Nietzsche, Sandel), \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u00ednh, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u00edch th\u00fa v\u1edbi m\u00f4n tri\u1ebft th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc m\u00f4n n\u00e0y \u1edf m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 s\u00e2u h\u01a1n. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec v\u00e0 nh\u1eabn n\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t cao. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00ean \u0111i th\u1eadt ch\u1eadm v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng h\u1ecdc th\u00ec hay nh\u1ea5t. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 xem tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 trang s\u1ee9c cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft xem tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i tri th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 tri th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em ra ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng hay bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn l\u1edbn. Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n l\u00e0m s\u1eb5n, nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u201c\u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ed9p\u201d. Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o h\u01a1n trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p tri th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c. T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? Tri th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 XVIII \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX n\u00e0y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n ch\u1ee9 \u0111\u1eebng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 n\u1eafm v\u1eefng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 \u201c\u00f4ng tr\u00f9m t\u1ed1i cao\u201d trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a. Tri\u1ebft gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y b\u00e2y gi\u1edd gom t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e3n quan t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o h\u01a1n, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecb l\u1eeba g\u1ea1t b\u1edfi c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i. Tri\u1ebft gia kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a v\u1edbi chuy\u00ean gia, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng ta ngo\u00e0i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia trong m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Khi kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd th\u00ec \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u00f3i n\u0103ng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia t\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf trong m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n h\u1eb9p, m\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u1ee7a \u00e1i t\u00ecnh, c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi m\u1ebb, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt trong vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Wittgenstein, m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1o, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh: \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111am m\u00ea m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. Trong khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi Bertrand Russell, m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, Wittgenstein d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tri\u1ebft gia v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00ednh n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n quay l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: h\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft (th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean) b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi s\u00e1ch tri\u1ebft chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh. Theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean n\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb sinh h\u1ecdc, v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o), khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc, t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ecdc, quan h\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p), th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc (c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n Will Durant, Arnold Toynbee, Niall Ferguson, theo t\u00f4i l\u00e0 hay nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1ea5t) v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n qua c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia c\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc (t\u00f4i ch\u1ecdn Edmund Husserl, Merleau-Ponty, Raymond Aron, Henri Bergson, Karl Popper, Thomas Kuhn, Nick Bostrom),  c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u00e2y \u0111a c\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee1 Kant, Hegel, Plato t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecdc sau c\u00f9ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ea1n sang th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean kia. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m ra v\u1ebb \u201cta \u0111\u00e2y hi\u1ec3u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc\u201d tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 30 tu\u1ed5i th\u00ec xin c\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean: \u00edt nh\u1ea5t th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a B\u00f9i V\u0103n Nam S\u01a1n (d\u1ecbch Kant v\u00e0 Hegel) v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed7 Kh\u00e1nh Hoan (d\u1ecbch Plato) s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NGU\u1ed2N: https:\/\/exlibrishermes.com\/hoc-triet-nhu-the-nao<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

TS. D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ng\u1ecdc D\u0169ng Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, Khoa KHXH, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa Sen Nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean h\u00e2m m\u1ed9 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecfi t\u00f4i nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00e2y: 1-H\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft n\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u? 2-H\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o? 3-H\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng? 4-N\u00ean t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng tri\u1ebft gia n\u00e0o? B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi tr\u00ean. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean ngay c\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 xoa b\u00f3p hay n\u1ea5u \u0103n c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu. V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ai c\u0169ng…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":57,"featured_media":879,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/876"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/57"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=876"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/876\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":881,"href":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/876\/revisions\/881"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/879"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=876"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=876"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=876"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}