{"id":873,"date":"2022-06-12T17:03:07","date_gmt":"2022-06-12T10:03:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/?p=873"},"modified":"2023-10-05T09:34:46","modified_gmt":"2023-10-05T02:34:46","slug":"quan-niem-song-va-cach-xu-the-cua-gioi-nho-si-thoi-nha-nguyen-1820-1884","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/quan-niem-song-va-cach-xu-the-cua-gioi-nho-si-thoi-nha-nguyen-1820-1884\/","title":{"rendered":"Quan ni\u1ec7m s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch x\u1eed th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi nho s\u0129 th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n (1820-1884)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

ThS B\u00f9i Nguy\u00ean H\u00e3n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ed9 m\u00f4n Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, Khoa KHXH<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Nguy\u1ec5n, Nho gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. Do \u0111\u00f3, Nho gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi sinh ho\u1ea1t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u1edf ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n – nh\u00e2n sinh quan c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi nho s\u0129, quan l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Nho gi\u00e1o, gi\u1edbi khoa b\u1ea3ng v\u00e0\u00a0quan l\u1ea1i Trung Hoa v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u0103n h\u00f3a Nho gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i phong ki\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, gi\u1edbi quan l\u1ea1i, nho s\u0129 th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n s\u1ed1ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Thu\u1eadn H\u00f3a hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh bi\u1ec7t ph\u00e1i \u0111i n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c th\u1ef1c thi quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5; ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y quan ni\u1ec7m Nho gi\u00e1o g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 khai tri\u1ec3n trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n sinh, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng danh, s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p sau n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y ai trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y xi\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 \u1edf Trung Hoa.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"L\u1ec5<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua nh\u01b0 Gia Long, Minh M\u1ea1ng, Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb, T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1ecdng d\u1ee5ng quan v\u0103n h\u01a1n quan v\u00f5 b\u1edfi h\u1ecd th\u1eeba hi\u1ec3u mu\u1ed1n cai tr\u1ecb, duy tr\u00ec tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00ec m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh th\u1ecbnh tr\u1ecb th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng gi\u1edbi quan l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb nho h\u1ecdc, v\u00f5 quan ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng khi chi\u1ebfn tranh, hay trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c – trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Nho gi\u00e1o th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n (1802-1858), v\u0103n h\u00f3a tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Nho gi\u00e1o th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n n\u00f3i ri\u00eang \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Nho gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh, sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u0103n h\u00f3a – t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf- giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc – thi c\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a Nho gi\u00e1o theo khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu Tr\u00ecnh – Chu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1858, khi li\u00ean qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p – T\u00e2y Ban Nha n\u1ed5 s\u00fang x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Vi\u1ec7t Nam. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam rung chuy\u1ec3n tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n. V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy k\u1ebft cho v\u0103n h\u00f3a Nho gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 k\u00ecm h\u00e3m s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, l\u00e0m cho qu\u1ed1c gia ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t suy y\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p. T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp quan l\u1ea1i, gi\u1edbi nho s\u0129 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 xao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 theo xu h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn, \u00f4n h\u00f2a th\u1eadm ch\u00ed mang khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"So\u1ea1n<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho gi\u1edbi  nho s\u0129 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh quan ni\u1ec7m s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch x\u1eed th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh theo nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb \u201c c\u1eeda kh\u1ed5ng, s\u00e2n tr\u00ecnh\u201d. Gs Tr\u1ecbnh V\u0103n Th\u1ea3o nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t \u201c Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u201c tu th\u00e2n\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh \u201chi\u1ebfu h\u00f2a\u201d trong quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u0129nh, \u0111i\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ea1m, xa l\u00e1nh v\u00e0 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c m\u1ecdi tham v\u1ecdng phi l\u00fd.\u201d1<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng tr\u1ee9 (1778-1858), \u00f4ng qu\u00ea \u1edf l\u00e0ng Uy vi\u1ec5n nay l\u00e0 x\u00e3 Xu\u00e2n Giang, huy\u1ec7n Nghi Xu\u00e2n, t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 T\u0129nh. \u00d4ng quan ni\u1ec7m \u201c l\u00e0m trai \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf trong tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 danh g\u00ec v\u1edbi n\u00fai s\u00f4ng\u201d. Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ee9 xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb khoa b\u1ea3ng, d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o ch\u1ed1n quan tr\u01b0\u1eddng, tuy l\u00e0 quan v\u0103n nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7t t\u00e0i v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng trang s\u00e1ch oai h\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p. Trong m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn th\u00ec \u00f4ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1eabu ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n m\u1ecdi l\u00fac m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quan l\u1ea1i- xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb nho h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m \u201cd\u1ea5n th\u00e2n t\u00f9y th\u1eddi\u201d. Tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m, Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ee9 hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u s\u1eafc nh\u00e2n t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf th\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi : \u201cra tr\u01b0\u1eddng danh l\u1ee3i vinh li\u1ec1n nh\u1ee5c, v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c tr\u1ea7n ai kh\u00f3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d. Nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fac chua ch\u00e1t nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y kh\u00ed ph\u00e1ch : \u201c ki\u1ebfp sau xin ch\u1edb l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi- l\u00e0m c\u00e2y th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa tr\u1eddi m\u00e0 reo\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Tri Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (1800-1873), n\u0103m 1858 li\u00ean qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p- T\u00e2y Ban Nha n\u1ed5 s\u00fang x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Vua T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c c\u1eed l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i. N\u0103m 1859, Ph\u00e1p chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh, n\u0103m 1860 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sung ch\u1ee9c Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh qu\u00e2n th\u1ee9, th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c qu\u00e2n v\u1ee5 c\u00f9ng tham t\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ebf Hi\u1ec3n tr\u00f4ng coi vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam, n\u0103m 1862 khi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Hu\u1ebf k\u00ed H\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m nh\u00e2m tu\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho Ph\u00e1p 3 t\u1ec9nh mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng Nam k\u1ef3. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed ra B\u1eafc l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng H\u1ea3i An qu\u00e2n v\u1ee52<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau khi Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfc l\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4n t\u00ednh H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, Nguy\u1ec5n Tri Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed gi\u1eef th\u00e0nh H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. N\u0103m 1873, so\u00e1i ph\u1ee7 Nam K\u1ef3  Francis Garnier \u0111em qu\u00e2n ra H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u1ea5y c\u1edb gi\u00fap th\u01b0\u01a1ng ngh\u1ecb tranh c\u00e3i gi\u1eefa l\u00e1i bu\u00f4n Jean Depuis v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u1edf B\u1eafc K\u1ef3. \u0110\u00eam 19 r\u1ea1ng 20 th\u00e1ng 11- 1873, Garnier xua qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh \u00fap th\u00e0nh H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. Qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi h\u1ecfa l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng gi\u00e0nh th\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng, Nguy\u1ec5n Tri Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb tr\u1ecdng th\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh l\u00ednh ph\u00e1p c\u1ee9u ch\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00f2ng mua chu\u1ed9c sau n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng kh\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1i t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i v\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u201cb\u00e2y gi\u1edd n\u1ebfu ta ch\u1ec9 g\u1eafng m\u00e0 lay l\u1eaft m\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng, sao b\u1eb1ng thung dung ch\u1ebft v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c ngh\u0129a\u201d3<\/sup>, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y 20-12-1873.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ho\u00e0ng Di\u1ec7u (1829-1882) xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Nho gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i l\u00e0ng Xu\u00e2n \u0110\u00e0i huy\u1ec7n Di\u00ean Ph\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng Nam (nay l\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n \u0110i\u1ec7n B\u00e0n t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng Nam).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u0103m 1882 l\u1ea5y c\u1edb Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1873 m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i \u0111i giao thi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi Trung Hoa, dung t\u00fang qu\u00e2n c\u1edd \u0111en  (m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh Thi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c) ng\u0103n tr\u1edf vi\u1ec7c giao th\u00f4ng tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ea1i t\u00e1 Henri Rivi\u00e8re c\u1ee7a H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p cho t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng 400 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3ng t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ed3n th\u1ee7y (tr\u00ean b\u1edd B\u1eafc s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 5 km) nh\u1eb1m uy hi\u1ebfp H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. Ho\u00e0ng Di\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1 l\u1ec7nh gi\u1edbi nghi\u00eam t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 b\u1ed1 c\u00e1o c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh xung quanh s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7n binh t\u1eeb tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Hu\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean ph\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Hu\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c vua T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ea5t B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef an to\u00e0n cho ngai v\u00e0ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho vua T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ea1 chi\u1ebfu qu\u1edf tr\u00e1ch Ho\u00e0ng Di\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em binh d\u1ecda gi\u1eb7c v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 sai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng Ho\u00e0ng Di\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebft v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

R\u1ea1ng ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1882 Henri Rivi\u00e8re cho t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn \u00e1p s\u00e1t th\u00e0nh H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu th\u01b0, Ho\u00e0ng Di\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu th\u01b0, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. 8 gi\u1edd 15 Rivi\u00e8re v\u1edbi 4 t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn b\u1eafn v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3 cho s\u1ed1 qu\u00e2n 450 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 it th\u00e2n binh \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 h\u00f2ng chi\u1ebfm th\u00e0nh H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. Trong t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng, Ho\u00e0ng Di\u1ec7u v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e2n s\u0129 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p d\u00f9 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng y\u1ebfu \u0111i, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh n\u1eefa. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng Ho\u00e0ng Di\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 ra l\u1ec7nh cho t\u01b0\u1edbng s\u0129 gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n  \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong. M\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh Ho\u00e0ng Di\u1ec7u \u0111i v\u00e0o Ho\u00e0ng cung, th\u1ea3o t\u1edd di bi\u1ec3u, r\u1ed3i ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f5 mi\u1ebfu, d\u00f9ng kh\u0103n b\u1ecbt \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eaft c\u1ed5 t\u1ef1 t\u1eed, h\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u01a1ng 54 tu\u1ed5i. T\u1edd di bi\u1ec3u \u00f4ng c\u1eafn ng\u00f3n tay l\u1ea5y m\u00e1u vi\u1ebft di bi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1 t\u1ed9i cho vua T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c \u201c Th\u00e0nh m\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng sao c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u1eadt h\u1ed5 v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n s\u0129 B\u1eafc th\u00e0nh l\u00fac sinh ti\u1ec1n. Th\u1ea7n ch\u1ebft c\u00f3 qu\u1ea3n g\u00ec, nguy\u1ec7n xin theo Nguy\u1ec5n Tri Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t. Qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng mu\u00f4n d\u1eb7m, huy\u1ebft l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f4i h\u00e0ng\u201d4<\/sup>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Phan Thanh Gi\u1ea3n (1796-1867) xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5. T\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Phan Thanh T\u1eadp , hi\u1ec7u Ng\u1eabu C\u1eeb s\u1ed1ng th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Minh. Sau khi nh\u00e0 Minh b\u1ecb nh\u00e0 M\u00e3n Thanh ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t, Phan Thanh T\u1eadp di c\u01b0 sang ph\u1ee7 Ho\u00e0i Nh\u01a1n t\u1ec9nh B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh- Vi\u1ec7t Nam. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u0103m 1858 khi li\u00ean qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p – T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 r\u1ed3i t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i c\u1eeda bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng r\u1ed3i l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm c\u00e1ch t\u1ec9nh mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng Nam K\u1ef3. Phan Thanh Gi\u1ea3n v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh s\u1ee9 v\u00e0 L\u00e2m Duy Hi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 ph\u00f3 s\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed \u0111i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh vua T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c k\u00fd k\u1ebft hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 h\u1eefu ngh\u1ecb, h\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u00e2m tu\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1862 t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n. Ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1867 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm V\u0129nh Long, tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, bi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef n\u1ed5i n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e1u v\u00f4 \u00edch, Phan Thanh Gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trao th\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1, v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an to\u00e0n cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. Sau khi th\u00e0nh m\u1ea5t, \u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c su\u1ed1t 17 ng\u00e0y r\u1ed3i u\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9c t\u1ef1 t\u1eed v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1867 h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd 72 tu\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Qua vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o ch\u00e2n dung cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i v\u1ecb nho s\u0129\u00a0\u00a0th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd lu\u00f4n s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u1ee9ng x\u1eed trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch x\u1eed th\u1ebf theo quan ni\u1ec7m \u201c trung qu\u00e2n, \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c\u201d, d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n m\u1ecdi l\u00fac, m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m \u201cd\u1ea5n th\u00e2n t\u00f9y l\u00fac, t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i t\u00f9y th\u1eddi\u2019 c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi nho s\u0129 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p sau n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0o h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u201c\u00e1i qu\u1ed1c\u201d l\u00ean tr\u00ean, \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ee3i \u00edch d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00ean tr\u00ean h\u1ebft. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng khi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t, gi\u1edbi quan l\u1ea1i- nho s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n n\u1ed5i d\u1eady<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Nh\u00e2n<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Nho gi\u00e1o truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb Trung Hoa sang Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u201ckh\u00fac x\u1ea1\u201d nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. \u1ede Trung Hoa, \u201ctrung l\u00e0 trung v\u1edbi vua\u201d, \u201c trung qu\u00e2n\u201d , \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u201c ngo\u00e0i trung qu\u00e2n, c\u00f2n hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 trung v\u1edbi giang s\u01a1n, x\u00e3 t\u1eafc\u201d b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Trung Hoa r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn Vua ph\u1ea3i cai qu\u1ea3n qua nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p trung gian v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng t\u1ed9c nh\u00e0 m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y trong s\u1eed s\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 s\u1eed k\u00ed T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Thi\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vi\u1ec7c \u201ctrung qu\u00e2n, \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c,\u201d g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, v\u1ed1n d\u0129 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n – trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 cho gi\u1edbi nho s\u0129 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n v\u00e0o ch\u1ed1n quan tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn gi\u1eef m\u1ed1i d\u00e2y li\u00ean h\u1ec7, r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1edfi th\u1ebf n\u00ean khi b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, Gs Tr\u1ecbnh V\u0103n Th\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft \u201ckh\u00f4ng gian x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hay \u201ckh\u00f4ng gian v\u0103n h\u00f3a\u201d ( espace social) t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 giam h\u00e3m h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 nho sinh trong m\u1ed9t m\u00e0n \u201c\u0111\u1ed9c tho\u1ea1i\u201d gi\u1eefa thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 khoa ho\u1ea1n, quan l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 nho gi\u00e1o \u201c th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng\u201d v\u00ec h\u1ecfng thi theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u201c ti\u1ebfn vi quan, tho\u00e1i vi s\u01b0\u201d. \u1ea2o \u1ea3nh di \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, hy v\u1ecdng th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn nh\u1edd thi c\u1eed, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ea5p b\u00eanh c\u1ee7a quan tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u00ednh hai chi\u1ec1u (ambivalent) c\u1ee7a nho s\u0129 ta: v\u1eeba l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, v\u1eeba \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, g\u1ea1ch n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 l\u00e0ng x\u00e3\u201d5<\/sup>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00fa th\u00edch<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1 ] Tr\u1ecbnh V\u0103n Th\u1ea3o (2014) X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Nho gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam-D\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u00e3n quan c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, Nxb Tri th\u1ee9c tr 71<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] https:\/\/vi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Tri_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] https:\/\/baoninhthuan.com.vn\/news\/22017p0c72\/nguyen-tri-phuongvi-tong-doc-tuan-tiet-vi-ha-noi.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] Pham V\u0103n S\u01a1n (1960) Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed to\u00e0n th\u01b0, Nxb T\u1eed s\u00e1ch S\u1eed h\u1ecdc, tr 658<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] Tr\u1ecbnh V\u0103n Th\u1ea3o (2014) s\u0111d, tr 100<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

ThS B\u00f9i Nguy\u00ean H\u00e3n B\u1ed9 m\u00f4n Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, Khoa KHXH Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Nguy\u1ec5n, Nho gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. Do \u0111\u00f3, Nho gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi sinh ho\u1ea1t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u1edf ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n – nh\u00e2n sinh quan c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi nho s\u0129, quan l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. Ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Nho gi\u00e1o, gi\u1edbi khoa b\u1ea3ng v\u00e0\u00a0quan l\u1ea1i Trung Hoa v\u1edbi c\u00e1c…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":57,"featured_media":874,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/873"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/57"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=873"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/873\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":875,"href":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/873\/revisions\/875"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/874"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=873"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=873"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=873"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}