{"id":1408,"date":"2022-12-12T09:12:10","date_gmt":"2022-12-12T02:12:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/?p=1408"},"modified":"2023-10-05T09:34:32","modified_gmt":"2023-10-05T02:34:32","slug":"chu-nghia-hien-thuc-huyen-ao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/chu-nghia-hien-thuc-huyen-ao\/","title":{"rendered":"CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A HI\u1ec6N TH\u1ef0C HUY\u1ec0N \u1ea2O"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

TS.\u00a0D\u01af\u01a0NG NG\u1eccC D\u0168NG<\/strong> (2021)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P.Tr\u01b0\u1edfng khoa KHXH-Lu\u1eadt, G\u0110CT Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1920 b\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c huy\u1ec1n \u1ea3o, v\u1ed1n b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i. Tr\u0103m n\u0103m c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n <\/em>(Cien a\u00f1os de soledad<\/em>, vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef T\u00e2y Ban Nha, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u 1967), c\u1ee7a Gabriel Garcia Marquez, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Columbia, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 H\u01b0 c\u1ea5u<\/em> (Ficciones<\/em>, ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u 1944) c\u1ee7a Jose Luis Borges (nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Argentina), l\u00e0 hai t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u k\u00ec l\u1ea1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201chi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c huy\u1ec1n \u1ea3o\u201d xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i trong ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 trong ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c (magischer Realismus<\/em>), ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ee9c (c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 Franz Roh v\u00e0 Gustav Hartlaub) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra t\u1eeb n\u00e0y, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng H\u00f2a Lan, ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha, r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 magical realism<\/em>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y Ban Nha hay v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 La Tinh n\u00f3i chung m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1edb t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb duy nh\u1ea5t: ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c huy\u1ec1n \u1ea3o (el realismo<\/em> m\u00e1gico<\/em>). Nghe ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t th\u00ec th\u1ea5y hay hay, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Anh, hay ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha, Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y ngay m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd: \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u201chi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c\u201d (realism<\/em>) th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao m\u00e0 \u201cmang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t huy\u1ec1n \u1ea3o, ma thu\u1eadt\u201d (magical<\/em>) cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, hay duy v\u1eadt tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n, m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y m\u01b0a to gi\u00f3 l\u1edbn n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, g\u00e3y c\u00e1nh r\u01a1i t\u1eeb tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 chung s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y. V\u00f4 l\u00fd! Phi hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c! Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 trong ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng! Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n trong phong tr\u00e0o hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c huy\u1ec1n \u1ea3o \u0111ang nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn theo ki\u1ec3u g\u00e0i bom \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1eadp nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3ng khung s\u1eb5n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cth\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c.\u201d So s\u00e1nh n\u00e0o c\u0169ng kh\u1eadp khi\u1ec5ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ecdc Tr\u0103m n\u0103m c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n<\/em> th\u00ec c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 xem tranh Picasso v\u1eady! \u00d4ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n xem tranh B\u00f9i Xu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 \u201ck\u1ebft\u201d h\u1ecda s\u0129 n\u00e0y- chuy\u00ean gia v\u1ebd tranh v\u1ec1 ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i- th\u00ec kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng m\u00e0 \u201chi\u1ec3u\u201d Picasso mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i g\u00ec trong c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c tranh k\u1ef3 qu\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta. M\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1eb3ng gi\u1ed1ng t\u00ed ti g\u00ec v\u1edbi \u201chi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c.\u201d Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u0103n hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c huy\u1ec1n \u1ea3o \u0111ang h\u1ecfi ch\u00fang ta ch\u00ednh l\u00e0: \u201cCh\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u00ec khi anh nh\u00ecn (look at<\/em>) v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh th\u00ec anh mu\u1ed1n \u201cth\u1ea5y\u201d (see<\/em>) c\u00e1i g\u00ec?\u201d Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n \u201cth\u1ea5y\u201d nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u201cth\u1ea5y\u201d r\u1ed3i. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 m\u00ecnh ch\u01b0a \u201cth\u1ea5y\u201d bao gi\u1edd d\u1ec5 l\u00e0m ch\u00fang ta b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kinh h\u00e3i, gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 nh\u00ecn m\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t t\u00ean s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n v\u1eady. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi mu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc: \u201cHi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 g\u00ec?\u201d gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp thu v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i, h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn h\u01a1n, kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 kh\u00f4 khan, tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi c\u00f2n \u1ea9n n\u00e1u trong th\u00e1p ng\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ea5y v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc n\u1eefa. S\u1eed gia ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Irene Guenther vi\u1ebft: \u201cVi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t hai t\u1eeb \u2018hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018huy\u1ec1n \u1ea3o\u2019 b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nhau \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u00ednh qu\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u00ednh huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed (nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c \u0110\u1ee9c ng\u1eef: Unheimlichkeit<\/em>) trong ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 trong ch\u00ednh m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.\u201d V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c huy\u1ec1n \u1ea3o trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a Giorgio de Chirico, nh\u00e0 danh h\u1ecda \u00dd n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong phong tr\u00e0o \u201cngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt si\u00eau h\u00ecnh\u201d (arte metafisica<\/em>) chuy\u00ean v\u1ebd nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn\u2026b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng. G.F. Hartlaub, gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7n B\u1ea3o T\u00e0ng Ngh\u1ec7 Thu\u1eadt \u1edf Mannheim v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1920, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c huy\u1ec1n \u1ea3o\u201d (magischer Realismus<\/em>) \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecda s\u0129 Max Beckmann do ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1923. Nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 Hartlaub \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch quan m\u1edbi\u201d (neue Sachlichkeit<\/em>). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ecda s\u0129 \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u00dd theo tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda \u201chi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c\u201d ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t c\u1ecd h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm b\u1eaft cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng, h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quen thu\u1ed9c trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc Freud v\u00e0 Jung c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u0103n hay ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o phong tr\u00e0o hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c huy\u1ec1n \u1ea3o. Ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc d\u1ea1y cho ch\u00fang ta c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn xuy\u00ean th\u1ea5u qua c\u00e1i \u201chi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c b\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a c\u00f5i nh\u00e2n sinh, nh\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt Gregor Samsa trong truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn H\u00f3a th\u00e2n<\/em> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Kafka (die<\/em> Verwandlung<\/em>, ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u 1915) \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea5c v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh\u2026m\u1ed9t con s\u00e2u kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn x\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee7y, nh\u01b0ng nh\u00e0 v\u0103n si\u00eau th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c huy\u1ec1n \u1ea3o ch\u1ec9 cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u th\u0103m th\u1eb3m c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c, s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ee3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp nh\u00e2n sinh, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ai d\u00e1m nh\u00ecn th\u1eb3ng c\u00e1i v\u1ef1c th\u1eb3m m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u00fac n\u00e0o trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp ng\u01b0\u1eddi: \u201cT\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp \u0111i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh s\u1eb5n, nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c bu\u1ed3n n\u00f4n, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi th\u1ea7n ch\u1ebft l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng r\u00ecnh r\u1eadp xung quanh? \u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a kh\u00f4ng? Hay t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an b\u00e0i trong s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn?\u201d N\u00f3i nh\u01b0 Nietzsche: \u201cN\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n nh\u00ecn qu\u00e1 l\u00e2u v\u00e0o v\u1ef1c th\u1eb3m, v\u1ef1c th\u1eb3m s\u1ebd nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i b\u1ea1n!\u201d (When you gaze long into the abyss, the abyss also gazes into you<\/em>). \u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng r\u1ed1i r\u1eafm trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, m\u1ed1i t\u00ecnh tay ba, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn tranh, v\u00e2n\u2026v\u00e2n\u2026t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c l\u1ea1c quan r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t r\u1ed3i s\u1ebd k\u1ebft th\u00fac trong h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n trong ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y th\u00ec s\u1ebd th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n trong ki\u1ebfp sau, y h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e0n vi\u00ean trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n (tr\u1eeb H\u1ed3ng L\u00e2u M\u1ed9ng<\/em>). Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c huy\u1ec1n \u1ea3o mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 lu\u00f4n c\u00e1i gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1c quan \u1ea5y<\/strong>. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c L\u01b0\u01a1ng S\u01a1n B\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00fac Anh \u0110\u00e0i hay Gi\u1ea3 B\u1ea3o Ng\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft h\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi L\u00e2m \u0110\u1ea1i Ng\u1ecdc. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1ea5y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft: c\u1ea3 hai, L\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh v\u00e0 Ch\u00fac ti\u1ec3u th\u01b0, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh b\u01b0\u1edbm bay l\u01b0\u1ee3n b\u00ean nhau kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb gia \u0111\u00ecnh hay anh ch\u00e0ng M\u00e3 Anh T\u00e0i ph\u00e1 th\u1ed1i. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n, quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t h\u01a1n, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u00e1i t\u00ecnh\u201d \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng? C\u00f3 n\u00ean s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebft \u0111i\u00ean lo\u1ea1n v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng? T\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb t\u1eeb \u201ccon tim\u201d kh\u00f4ng? Hay \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb\u2026con kh\u00e1c? Ch\u00fang ta qu\u00e1 quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u00e1o ng\u1eef v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd ch\u00fang ta h\u00e9 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u201cnh\u1eefng g\u00f3c t\u1ed1i b\u00ed \u1ea9n\u201d trong nh\u1eefng \u201chi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c\u201d r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea5y.\u00a0 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng r\u1ed1i r\u1eafm, xung \u0111\u1ed9t, m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, \u0110\u00f4ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 T\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ec1u di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u201chi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c\u201d kh\u00e1 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. H\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1, hay ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129, ngay c\u1ea3 trong th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5, \u00edt c\u00f3 ai ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n c\u00e1i n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u1ea5y. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng tri th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7 \u1ea5y khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eadp n\u00e1t h\u1ebft v\u00e0 qu\u0103ng nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u1eabn s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t, sau nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1eadn th\u1eadp t\u1eed nh\u1ea5t sinh t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Khai S\u00e1ng (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18), v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 d\u1ea1ng hung h\u0103ng h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft. Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c h\u01a1n: h\u1ecd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ch\u1ee9ng minh, \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean theo m\u1ed9t phong c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, r\u1ea5t v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng theo khoa h\u1ecdc\u201d th\u1ef1c ra ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 b\u0103ng b\u00f3 v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ea3m nh\u00ed, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eabn \u0111ang c\u00f2n r\u1ec9 m\u00e1u trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf ngo\u00e0i da, m\u00e0 n\u1eb1m s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a \u201cma thu\u1eadt\u201d (magic<\/em>) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea1c h\u01b0\u1edbng,\u201d \u201cbi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f3,\u201d \u201cbi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng.\u201d C\u00e1c \u1ea3o thu\u1eadt gia khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng con r\u1ed1i trong tay c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea1c h\u01b0\u1edbng, t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea7m nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang theo \u0111u\u1ed5i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 n\u00e9m b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi quen thu\u1ed9c. T\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ch\u00fang ta th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c huy\u1ec1n \u1ea3o kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng: c\u00e1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n quen t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 \u201chi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c\u201d th\u00ec th\u1eadt ra \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cma thu\u1eadt.\u201d C\u00e1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n ch\u00ea bai l\u00e0 \u201chuy\u1ec1n \u1ea3o\/ phi hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c\u201d c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y \u0111i xa h\u01a1n, ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh Trang T\u1eed m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u00f4ng t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c huy\u1ec1n \u1ea3o ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5y h\u1ecda s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c. C\u00e2u truy\u1ec7n \u201cTrang Ch\u00e2u m\u1ed9ng h\u1ed3 \u0111i\u1ec7p hay h\u1ed3 \u0111i\u1ec7p m\u1ed9ng Trang Ch\u00e2u?\u201d ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7y thi v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1eeb cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Jose Luis Borges. Khi nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 H\u00e0n M\u1eb7c T\u1eed vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f4i ng\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ee3i n\u01b0\u1eddng M\u01a1,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ti\u1ebfng r\u00fa ban \u0111\u00eam r\u1ea1n b\u00f3ng m\u1edd,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ti\u1ebfng r\u00fa h\u1ed3n t\u00f4i x\u00f4 v\u1ee1 s\u00f3ng,<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rung t\u1ea7ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed b\u1ea1t vi l\u00f4<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(C\u00f4 li\u00eau)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cHi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c\u201dc\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 tan v\u1ee1, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hoang li\u00eau b\u00ean trong n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. Nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y h\u1ed1 th\u1eb3m ng\u00e0n \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp nh\u00e2n sinh trong s\u1ef1 c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n c\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111ang r\u01a1i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t bi k\u1ecbch: n\u1ebfu anh ta- xin cho ph\u00e9p t\u00f4i b\u01b0\u1edbc qua ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y- m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c qu\u00e1 t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 \u201cch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh,\u201d anh \u0111ang l\u00e0m thay c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o hay s\u1eed gia. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu kh\u0103ng kh\u0103ng mu\u1ed1n b\u1ecf qua \u201chi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c\u201d tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, anh c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 t\u1ef1 do k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Theo phong c\u00e1ch c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, anh c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch hay c\u00e1 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt, nh\u01b0 Julien Sorel c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u0111en<\/em>, b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn theo ki\u1ec3u Chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh<\/em>. Samuel Richardson th\u00ec ch\u1ecdn \u0111i v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng l\u00e1 th\u01b0 (Pamela<\/em>), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u201chi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c\u201d t\u1eeb ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng Don Quixote c\u1ee7a Cervantes th\u00ec l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n \u201chi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c\u201d v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a anh ta. Nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Sancho Panza r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng anh ch\u00e0ng hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 gi\u00e0 h\u1ebft th\u1eddi kia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean d\u1edf h\u01a1i, m\u1ea5t tr\u00ed. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng Sancho Panza? Khi Nguy\u1ec5n Du h\u1ea1 b\u00fat vi\u1ebft: “Tri giao qu\u00e1i ng\u00e3 s\u1ea7u \u0111a m\u1ed9ng\/ Thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 h\u00e0 nh\u00e2n b\u1ea5t m\u1ed9ng trung<\/em>\u201d (Ng\u1eabu \u0110\u1ec1) \u00f4ng \u0111ang \u0111i trong d\u00f2ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, theo \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1i \u201chi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c\u201d c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 th\u00e0nh \u201cnghi ph\u1ea1m\u201d trong ph\u00f2ng th\u1ea9m v\u1ea5n, nghi ng\u1edd m\u1ecdi \u201cgi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb\u201d c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, d\u00f9 ch\u01b0a th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c huy\u1ec1n \u1ea3o trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea5t t\u1eeb l\u00e2u trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng h\u1ea3i l\u01b0u ng\u1ea7m ch\u1ea3y song song v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 La Tinh, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec9nh cao l\u00e0 Gabriel Marcia Marquez v\u00e0 Jose Luis Borges, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y b\u00fat ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t. C\u00f4ng lao ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc trong vi\u1ec7c truy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111i t\u00ecm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, \u0111\u1eb7t d\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m h\u1ebft cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n v\u00e0 phi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

TS.\u00a0D\u01af\u01a0NG NG\u1eccC D\u0168NG (2021) P.Tr\u01b0\u1edfng khoa KHXH-Lu\u1eadt, G\u0110CT Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1920 b\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c huy\u1ec1n \u1ea3o, v\u1ed1n b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i. Tr\u0103m n\u0103m c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n (Cien a\u00f1os de soledad, vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef T\u00e2y Ban Nha, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u 1967), c\u1ee7a Gabriel Garcia Marquez, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Columbia, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 H\u01b0 c\u1ea5u (Ficciones, ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u 1944) c\u1ee7a Jose Luis Borges (nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Argentina), l\u00e0 hai…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":1409,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[21,1],"tags":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1408"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/33"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1408"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1408\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1413,"href":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1408\/revisions\/1413"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1409"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1408"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1408"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ntc33.net\/khxh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1408"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}